CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR BUILDING BUILDER STONE WALLS
Besides brick walls and reinforced concrete walls, rubble walls are also constructed and used very commonly for civil works, especially in the past. The way to build rubble walls is basically similar to building normal brick walls, but because the properties of rubble and the structure are different, the construction technique also has many significant differences.
1. Structure of boulder wall
Stone wall is a type of wall built with naturally quarried boulders and mortar.
Standardized stone wall (layered stone wall)
Stone is quarried and processed according to a certain standard. Normally, the building stones have dimensions of 200x400x200, 150x150x250, 150x200x350... They are chiseled to ensure the design thickness and stability during construction.
- To build a layered stone wall, you must choose the stone, the layer of stone wall is usually ≥ 250mm thick.
- Each layer should be made of almost the same stone (the lower layers are larger)
- In the same layer, place a vertical stone and then a horizontal stone (choose a long stone to place horizontally) or at least 1m long, place a tie stone.
- The vertical joints between the layers must be 100mm apart, the horizontal joints must be horizontal (and parallel to each other). Mortar joints must not be triangular, dry, without mortar, and cross-shaped, overlapping joints.
2. How to build a non-standard stone wall
The boulders are taken from the quarry in their original shape due to natural breakage and do not follow a certain standard.
With the method of building a non-standard boulder wall, the thickness of the mortar joints is not greater than 20mm and must be even, the horizontal and vertical construction joints must not be concentrated into a node, not forming parallel vertical joints, cross joints, convex and concave joints.
2.1 How to build a boulder wall?
- Preparation
The best mortar for building a boulder wall is yellow sand cement mortar. The basic work in building a boulder wall is similar to building a brick wall, but the following points need to be noted:
Choosing stones: any type of boulder can be used for the enclosing wall and the surrounding wall. The outer wall, main wall, wall base, wall foot... use hard and medium hard boulders. The stones must be good, do not use weathered or cracked stones.
When transporting, arrange large flat stones separately, stones longer than 2/3 of the wall thickness with a flat outer surface to build the first row, build the wall surface. Apply the method of building a stone wall, choose stones with 3 square sides, large size to build the corner.
Medium and small stones are used to build the wall body, interspersed with large stones for padding. Arrange them separately like this when building, saving time in selecting, increasing construction productivity while ensuring aesthetics and correct techniques.
- Determine the location of the masonry block
Determine the center of the axis
- Mark the foundation (floor).
- Drive the support (horse) according to the shape and size of the drawing.
- Transfer the center to the horse stake.
- How to build a standard stone wall (in layers)
After marking the 2 edges of the wall, select and measure the stones, the stones must be washed clean before building, spread mortar 3 - 4cm from the edge of the wall, 4 - 5cm thick, place the stones precisely on the mortar layer, press and tap hard with a wooden hammer so that the stones sink deep, the mortar overflows around 2 - 3cm thick is enough.
In each row, choose stones of the same thickness. It is best to build a stone wall in the style of apricot blossom beams. Before building the upper layer, fill the mortar with mortar, do not fix the stones inside the masonry, if the stone is not stable, use small stones to insert from the outside, do not insert in the inner joint to avoid the stones from sliding out.
When building each row of bricks, place the stones to test so that the upper row is staggered with the lower row so that the joint does not overlap.
For the method of building a standard stone wall, the stone wall has a large width, build two rows of stone faces, adjacent to the front string. Then build the middle block.
When stopping construction, you must let the beak jerk. Note that each layer of construction must be level, if the mortar joint is steep, it can easily cause the block to slide and fall unexpectedly.
After finishing a stage of construction, check the level of the masonry, when building near the top of the wall, you must check the level and the wall height, the top of the wall must be level, stop at the right level, use 1:3 cement mortar to smooth the top of the wall.
- How to build a non-layered boulder wall
Build a non-layered boulder wall with stones of different sizes and shapes. This method is difficult and requires mortar, but sometimes such walls also create a decorative effect.
In addition to the requirements for the method of building a non-layered stone wall, the following regulations must be followed:
- The thickness of the mortar joints must not be greater than 20mm and must be even, the horizontal and vertical joints must not be concentrated into a single node, do not let the diagonal joints extend, the vertical joints are parallel, the cross-shaped joints, the concave and convex mortar joints.
- The large and small stones must be evenly distributed in the masonry. Do not insert crushed stones into the mortar joints on the surface of the masonry.
- How to build stone joints at the corner of the wall, the intersection of the wall, the wall-mounted columns:
The corners of the walls are built with large stones, with long legs to tie the two walls together. Build the corners with three walls, four walls and right angles.
Build the intersections between the walls carefully. How to build a stone wall at the corner of the wall; the upper and lower rows of stones are firmly attached to each other. The construction joints are not more than 3cm thick.
If at the place where the frog needs to build bricks on the outside, build the bricks first; and lay the 5-layer beak (the beak is in the shape of an arc) then build the stone inside.
3. Build stone columns
The columns are built with long-legged stones so that the foot is deep into the column body. Thin stones should not be used to build a shell containing crushed stone inside.
Notes on how to build a stone wall:
Building a stone wall in general must ensure the following factors:
- Each layer must be stretched with a rope to ensure the verticality and horizontality of the wall.
- The mortar must be spread first and then the stone must be placed, not the other way around.
- How to build a rubble wall, note the mortar strip is 40 - 50mm thick; 30 - 40mm from the edge of the wall, about half the area of the stone.
- Insert crushed stone and vertical joints, do not insert in the belly clamp style.
- Do not repair construction holes, scaffolding holes in the rubble wall.
- When building a layered rubble wall, you need to pay attention; You can build the exposed side of the brick wall (the belly of the wall is built with stone); or build stones in the formwork. When building bricks on the wall face, you must build at the same time as building stones on the belly of the wall.
- How to build a non-layered rubble wall, you must evenly distribute large and small stones in the masonry; do not insert crushed stone into the mortar joints outside the masonry; do not place stones with convex and concave surfaces in the direction of the masonry's load bearing.
- Check the masonry: Check according to technical requirements for horizontal; vertical, flat surface, overlapping joints, solid.
Nowadays, boulder walls are used more in mountainous and midland areas because they are closer to raw materials and do not require long-distance transportation. In addition, boulder walls are used to build fences, flood prevention and soil protection works, etc., and also to decorate garden works, unique villas, etc.
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